Management Introduction
Questions 271 to 280
Using a method called structured observation, Mintzberg
isolated ten roles which he believed were common to all managers. According
to him, maintaining self-developed networks of outside contacts and informers
who provide favours and information can be best described as
(a) The disseminator role (b)
The liaison role (c) The monitor role
(d) The entrepreneur role (e)
The leader role.
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The managers at the different managerial levels require
different kinds of skills to perform the functions associated with their
jobs. The major difference in skill requirements between middle and top
managers is that
(a) Top managers must generally be more skilled
than middle managers in every respect
(b) Top managers require better interpersonal
skills but less conceptual skills than middle managers
(c) Top managers generally require better
technical and interpersonal skills than middle managers
(d) Top managers generally require higher level
conceptual skills but less technical skills than middle managers
(e) Middle managers
require better technical and conceptual skills than top managers.
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The term ‘ethics’ commonly refers to the rules or
principles that define right and wrong conduct. Managers making ethical
decisions may belong to any of the three levels of Moral Development, each
composed of two stages. The Pre-conventional Level of Moral Development is
concerned with which of the following stages?
(a) Following rules only when it’s of interest
(b) Living up to the expectations of people
close to managers
(c)
Maintaining conventional order by
fulfilling obligations which managers have agreed to
(d)
Valuing rights of others, and
upholding non-relative values and rights, regardless of the majority's
opinion
(e) Following self-chosen
ethical principles even if they violate the law.
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According to the Scientific Management School of Thought,
which of the following is defined as the systematic, objective and critical
examination of all the factors governing the operational efficiency of a
specified activity to bring about improvement?
(a)
Work Methods Study (b)
Micromotion Study
(c)
Time Study (d)
Motion Study
(e) Performance Study.
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Max Weber, a German contemporary of Henri Fayol, coined
the term “bureaucracy”, based on the German word “buro” meaning office, to
identify large organizations that operated on a rational basis. All of the
following are characteristics of bureaucracy except
(a)
Centralized authority (b)
Formalized rules and regulations
(c)
Standardized operating tasks (d)
Wide spans of control
(e) Multiple hierarchical levels.
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Planning is the first function of management and can be
defined as the process by which managers set missions and objectives, assess
the future and develop courses of action to accomplish these objectives.
However, there is no shortage of myths and misconceptions about planning.
Which of the following statements is a common misconception about planning?
(a)
The end result of planning is only one of its purposes
(b)
Planning cannot eliminate change
(c)
Planning that proves inaccurate is a waste of management’s time
(d)
The process of planning can, in itself, be valuable even if the results are
inaccurate
(e) Planning is only a constraint if management stops
planning after doing it once.
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Problems are encountered at all levels in an organization,
and managers at various levels have to solve them or manage them in the best
possible way. Which of the following is a series of interrelated sequential
steps that can be used to respond to a well-structured problem?
(a) Rule (b)
Policy (c) Budget (d) Procedure (e) Norm.
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Assume that you have recently been assigned to a committee
that is given the responsibility to review and institute a process for
employees to use when requesting upgrades in computer equipment. Which type
of objectives would you most likely be developing?
(a)
Intermediate-term objectives (b)
Long-term objectives
(c)
Short-term objectives (d)
Organizational objectives
(e) Division objectives.
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Raj, Ramesh and Rajesh are all making decisions about how
to approach the team project. They have only one week to write a 75-page
analysis of the government's suit against Microsoft. In addition, they all
work full-time. Which decision-making model will they probably rely on?
(a)
Rational (b)
Break-even analysis (c)
Intuition
(d) Bounded rationality (e)
Garbage-can.
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Keith Davis and William C. Frederick have worked on the
concept of social responsiveness. According to them the social responsiveness
of an organization can be measured on the basis of which of the following
criteria?
(a)
Contributions to profit-oriented
projects
(b)
Fair treatment of employees; fair pay
and safe working conditions
(c)
Unequal employment opportunity
(d)
Unsafe and poor quality products to
customers
(e) Disregard to environment pollution.
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Answers
Answer : (b)
Reason : The three
general types of managerial roles identified by Mintzberg are: interpersonal,
informational and decisional roles. According to him maintaining
self-developed networks of outside contacts and informers who provide favours
and information can be best described as liaison role.
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Answer : (d)
Reason : The major
difference in skill requirements between middle and top managers is that top
managers generally require higher level conceptual skills but less technical
skills than middle managers.
Hence, from
above discussion, we can infer that option (d) is correct.
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Answer : (a)
Reason : Pre-conventional
Level of Moral Development is influenced exclusively by personal interest. It
is concerned with following rules only when it's of interest.
Hence from
above discussion, we can infer that option (a) is correct.
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Answer : (a)
Reason : According to
the Scientific Management School of Thought, Work Methods Study is defined as
the systematic, objective and critical examination of all the factors
governing the operational efficiency of a specified activity to bring about
improvement.
Hence, from above discussion, we can infer
that option (a) is correct.
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Answer : (d)
Reason : A
bureaucracy is a highly structured, formalized and impersonal organization.
It has narrow spans of control, as there are multiple hierarchical levels.
Hence, from above discussion, we can infer that option (d)
is not a characteristic of bureaucracy.
Options (a),
(b), (c) and (e) are all characteristic of bureaucracy.
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Answer : (c)
Reason : Planning is defined
as the process by which managers set missions and objectives, assess the
future and develop courses of action to accomplish these objectives.
Management that does a good job of planning will have
direction and purpose, and planning is likely to minimize wasted effort. All
of these can occur, even if the objectives being sought are missed.
Hence, from
above discussion, we can infer that option (c) is a common misconception
about planning.
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Answer : (d)
Reason : A procedure
is a series of interrelated sequential steps that can be used to respond to a
well-structured problem. (a) Rules are statements of actions that must be
taken or not taken in a given situation. (b) A policy is defined as a general
guideline for taking an action. (c) A budget is a statement that outlines the
expected results of a given future period in numerical terms. (e) Norms are
standards set by a group that regulate and foster uniformity in member
behaviors
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Answer : (c)
Reason : An objective
is the aim of an action. It implies a specific work to be accomplished within
a given period of time.
Short-term objective is developed to accomplish a work in
a very short period of time.
Hence, from
above discussion, we can infer that option (c) is correct.
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Answer : (d)
Reason : Raj, Ramesh
and Rajesh are all making decisions about how to approach the team project
and they will probably rely on Bounded rationality, which is defined as a
concept that suggests that the ability of managers to be perfectly rational
in making decisions is limited by such factors as cognitive capacity and time
constraints. (a) In rational decision-making, managers possess and understand
all the information that is relevant to their decisions at the time they make
them. (b) Break-even analysis is a measure by which the level of sales, which
is necessary to cover all fixed costs, can be determined. (c) Intuition is
"direct perception of truth, fact, etc., independent of any reasoning
process; immediate apprehension." (e) Garbage-can model is a
non-rational model of managerial decision-making stating that managers behave
in virtually a random pattern in making nonprogrammed decisions.
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Answer : (b)
Reason : The social
responsiveness of an organization can be measured on the basis of fair
treatment of employees; fair pay and safe working conditions.
Hence
from above discussion, we can infer that option (b) is correct.
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